Research
Reading research, clearly explained.
A closer look at reading, listening, and vocabulary. Explore the findings and their limits in the original studies.
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Reading and listening
Among 91 college-educated, native-English adults, a study found no statistically significant difference in comprehension or two-week retention between reading, listening, and both together. It tested one nonfiction text.
Read Rogowsky et al. (2016) -
Repeated word encounters
Among 35 Japanese university learners of English, more frequent word encounters supported learning and retention. Most target words were not learned, and gains declined over time.
Read Brown et al. (2008)
These studies examine reading methods, not OwnWords. Results depend on readers, materials, and context.
Explore the reading tools.
Read, listen, and revisit words in context.